ZOTHANDIZA ANU PA UKWATI WA A MONGA WOMODZI MU US NDI PADZIKO LONSE
Masiku ano, maboma ambiri padziko lonse lapansi akuganiza zolola maukwati a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kukhala ovomerezeka. Pakadali pano, mayiko 30 ndi madera akhazikitsa malamulo adziko lolola amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kukwatirana, makamaka ku Europe ndi America. M’nkhaniyi, tiona mmene zinayambira komanso zimene zatichititsa kuti tifike kumene tili masiku ano.
MBIRI YA MAUKWATI A AGONJANA ENA
Kukwatirana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kunkadziwika ku Girisi wakale ndi ku Roma, ku Mesopotamiya wakale, m'madera ena a China, monga chigawo cha Fujian, komanso nthawi zina m'mbiri yakale ya ku Ulaya.
Miyambo yaukwati wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha inali yodziwika kwambiri ku Mesopotamiya kuposa ku Igupto wakale. Almanac of Incantation inali ndi mapemphero ovomereza chikondi cha mwamuna kwa mkazi ndi cha mwamuna kwa mwamuna.
Kum'mwera kwa China ku Guangdong, mu nthawi ya mafumu a Ming, akazi ankadzimanga okha m'mapangano ndi akazi ang'onoang'ono pa miyambo yambiri. Amuna nawonso adachitanso chimodzimodzi. Kukonzekera kotereku kunalinso kofanana ndi mbiri yakale ya ku Ulaya.
Chitsanzo cha mgwirizano wapakhomo wachimuna kuyambira koyambirira kwa mzera wa Zhou ku China chalembedwa munkhani ya Pan Zhang & Wang Zhongxian. Ngakhale kuti chiyanjanocho chinavomerezedwa ndi anthu ambiri ndipo chinafaniziridwa ndi ukwati wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, sichinaphatikizepo mwambo wachipembedzo womanga banjali.
Magulu ena oyambirira a Azungu ankagwirizanitsa maubwenzi a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Mchitidwe wa chikondi cha amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ku Greece wakale nthawi zambiri unkatenga mawonekedwe a pederasty, omwe anali ochepa kwa nthawi yayitali ndipo, nthawi zambiri, amakhalapo ndi ukwati. Milandu yolembedwa m'derali idanena kuti migwirizano iyi ndi maubwenzi osakhalitsa.
Gulu Lopatulika la Thebes linkatchedwa chifukwa chakuti okwatirana achimuna omwe analipanga anasinthana malumbiro opatulika pakati pa okondana ndi okondedwa pa kachisi wa Iolaus, wokondedwa wa Heracles. Migwirizano imeneyi inayambitsa vuto la makhalidwe abwino kwa Agiriki ndipo sanavomerezedwe konsekonse.
UKWATI WA AJINA IMODZI M'MALEMBA
Ngakhale Homer sanafotokoze momveka bwino Achilles ndi Patroclus ngati okonda amuna kapena akazi okhaokha mu Iliad, olemba akale adawonetsa ubale wawo motere.
Aeschylus akuwonetsa Achilles ngati wokonda kuyenda pamavuto ake azaka za zana la 5 BC The Myrmidons. Achilles amalankhula za "kupsompsona kwathu kawirikawiri ndi "mgwirizano wodzipereka" wa ntchafu mu chidutswa cha sewero chomwe chinapulumuka.
Plato nayenso amachita chimodzimodzi mu Symposium yake (385-3370 BC); Phaedrus amatanthauza Aeschylus ndipo akugwira Achilles ngati chitsanzo cha momwe anthu angakhalire olimba mtima ndi okonzeka kudzipereka okha chifukwa cha okondedwa awo. Aeschines akutsutsa mu Oration Against Timarchus kuti Homer "amabisa chikondi chawo ndikupewa kupereka dzina laubwenzi wawo", koma Homer ankaganiza kuti owerenga ophunzira adzatha kumvetsa "ukulu wopambana" wa chikondi chawo.
Symposium ya Plato imaphatikizapo nthano yachilengedwe (kulankhula kwa Aristophanes), komwe kumafotokoza za kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso kukondwerera mwambo wokondana pakati pa akazi (kulankhula kwa Pausanias), ndi zokambirana zake zina (Phaedrus).
Ndakatulo zakale zidakhudzidwa ndi kuzindikira za kukopa kwa amuna ndi akazi kudzera mu pederasty yakale yachi Greek (kale 650 BC), ndipo pambuyo pake, kuvomereza kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ku Roma.
Wachiwiri wa Virgil's Eclogues (1st Century BC) akuwona m'busa Corydon akulengeza chikondi chake kwa Alexis mu Eclogue 2. Ndakatulo zonyansa za Catullus m'zaka za zana lomwelo zidalunjikitsidwa kwa amuna ena (Carmen 48-50, 99, ndi 99). M'nyimbo yaukwati (Carmen 61) akuwonetsa mdzakazi wamwamuna yemwe watsala pang'ono kulowedwa m'malo ndi mbuye wake.
Mzere woyamba wake wotchuka Carmen 16 - womwe wafotokozedwa kuti "limodzi mwamawu onyansa kwambiri olembedwa m'Chilatini kapena m'chilankhulo china chilichonse," - uli ndi machitidwe ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.
Satyricon ya Petronius ndi nthano yachilatini yomwe imalongosola zolakwika ndi chikondi cha Encolpius ndi wokondedwa wake Giton (mnyamata wantchito wazaka 16). Linalembedwa mu ulamuliro wa Nero m’zaka za m’ma 1 AD ndipo ndi buku lakale kwambiri lofotokoza za kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.
Buku lodziwika bwino la ku Japan la Murasaki Shikibu The Tale of Genji linalembedwa kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 11. Mutu wamutu Hikaru Genji wakanidwa m'mutu 3.
M’malo mwake amagona ndi mng’ono wake. “Genji anamukokera pansi pambali pake. Genji nayenso, kapena zikunenedwa kuti, anapeza mnyamatayo kukhala wosangalatsa kwambiri kuposa mlongo wake wozizira.”
Alcibiades, The Schoolboy ndi Antonio Rocco, inasindikizidwa mosadziwika mu 1652. Ndi zokambirana za ku Italy zomwe zimateteza kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Aka ndi ntchito yoyamba yodziwika bwino ngati iyi kuyambira kalekale.
Cholinga cha Alcibiades the Schoolboy, chomwe chinasindikizidwa mosadziwika mu 1652, chinali kuteteza anthu okondana kapena kupanga zolaula. Izi zatsutsana.
Mabuku ambiri a ku Ulaya akale amatchula za kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Mwachitsanzo, mu Giovanni Boccaccio's Decameron kapena Lanval (a French lai) momwe Lanval, knight, akutsutsidwa ndi Guinevere kuti "alibe chikhumbo cha mkazi". Ntchito zina zimaphatikizapo mitu ya amuna kapena akazi okhaokha monga Yde et Olive.
Kufanana kwa Ukwati ku United States
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1970, pakati pa zipolowe zomwe zinayambitsa ziwawa za Stonewall ku Greenwich Village, anthu angapo omwe ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha anasumira milandu yofuna kuti anthu azikwatirana. Makhoti sanatenge mfundo zawo mozama. Woweruza woweruza mlandu ku Kentucky analangiza wodandaula wina wachigololo kuti sakaloledwa kulowa m’bwalo lamilandu pokhapokha atasinthana thalauza lake ndi diresi. Oweruza a Khothi Lalikulu la Minnesota sakanalemekeza zonena zaukwati wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha pofunsa ngakhale funso limodzi pokambirana pakamwa.
Onani US yonse nthawi ya ukwati wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha mu post ina.
Kufanana kwaukwati panthawiyo sikunali kofunikira kwambiri kwa omenyera ufulu wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. M'malo mwake, adayang'ana kwambiri pakuletsa kugonana mwachisawawa pakati pa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kukhazikitsa malamulo oletsa tsankho chifukwa cha malingaliro ogonana m'malo okhala anthu komanso ntchito, komanso kusankha akuluakulu aboma omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha mdziko muno.
Zoonadi, ma gay ambiri ndi akazi okhaokha panthawiyo anali osagwirizana kwambiri pankhani ya ukwati. Okhulupirira akazi achikazi ankakonda kuona bungweli ngati lopondereza, potengera malamulo achikhalidwe omwe amatanthauzira, monga kubisala komanso kusagwiriridwa.
Anthu ambiri okonda zachiwerewere ankatsutsa kuumirira kwa ukwati wamwambo kuti mwamuna akhale ndi mkazi mmodzi. Kwa iwo, kumasulidwa kwa gay kunali kumasulidwa kwa kugonana. M'zaka za m'ma 1970, zolimbikitsa ufulu wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha zimayang'ana kwambiri pakuwoneka ndi kumasulidwa kwaumwini kusiyana ndi kupeza mabungwe monga ukwati.
Anthu ena ochita zachiwerewere ankafuna kuloledwa kukwatira m'ma 1970. Ena anakana mfundo imeneyi ndipo ankaona kuti ukwati ndi chinthu chachikale. Mu December 1973, bungwe la American Psychiatric Association linati kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi vuto la maganizo. Bungwe la American Psychological Association linatsatira zomwezo mu 1975.
Panali kubwebweta kwa anthu kuchokera kwa otsutsa ufulu wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha chifukwa chakuwonjezeka kwa gulu la LGBT. Anita Bryant, woyimba komanso wakale Abiti Oklahoma, anali wotsutsa kwambiri ufulu wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Iye adayambitsa bungwe la Save Our Children ndipo adachita kampeni yochotsa malamulo amderali oletsa tsankho chifukwa chokonda kugonana.
M’zaka za m’ma 1980, anthu ambiri amadana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso tsankho chifukwa cha mliri wa Edzi. Nkhaniyi inalimbikitsanso magulu a gay kuti akonzekere. Pambuyo pa imfa ya wojambula Rock Hudson, maganizo okhudza AIDS ndi anthu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha anayamba kusintha.
Mu 1983, Congressman Gerry Studds, D-MA, adakhala Congressman woyamba wogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Adatsatiridwa ndi Congressman Barney Frank (D-MA) mu 1987.
Federal Defense of Marriage Act inasainidwa ndi Purezidenti Bill Clinton pa Seputembala 21, 1996. Lamulo la feduroli limafotokoza ukwati kukhala pakati pa mwamuna kapena mkazi pamlingo wa federal. Malamulo a Federal DOMA adawonetsetsa kuti palibe boma lomwe lingakakamize maukwati a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kuti azindikiridwe m'maiko ena. Zinalepheretsanso maanja ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kulandira chitetezo ndi maubwino aboma ngati okwatirana omwe amagonana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.
Khoti Lalikulu ku Vermont linagamula mogwirizana pa mlandu wa Baker v. Vermont pa Disembala 20, 1999, kuti okwatirana omwe ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ali ndi ufulu, chitetezo ndi mapindu ofanana ndi omwe amagonana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Dziko la Vermont linali dziko loyamba la United States kukhazikitsa maukwati apachiweniweni pa July 1, 2000. Izi zinapatsa maanja omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ufulu ndi chitetezo chofanana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, osachitcha kuti ukwati.
Khoti Lalikulu Kwambiri ku United States linagamula kuti malamulo okhudza anthu ogonana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi osagwirizana ndi malamulo pa June 26, 2003, pa mlandu wa Lawrence v. Texas. Khotilo linasintha chigamulo cha khothi cha pa June 30, 1986 pa Bowers vs Hardwick. Woweruza milandu Antonin Scalia akutsutsa chigamulochi ananena kuti chigamulo chochuluka “chikutsatiridwa ndi malamulo osalimba a boma oletsa maukwati kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.”
Khoti Lalikulu lamilandu ku Massachusetts linagamula pa November 18, 2003 kuti amuna kapena akazi okhaokha aziloledwa kukwatirana. Khothi Lalikulu Lamilandu ku Massachusetts silinapatse nyumba yamalamulo njira ina yokwatira, monganso chigamulo cha Khothi Lalikulu la Vermont mu 1999. Ukwati woyamba wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha unachitikira ku US pa May 17, 2004, ku Cambridge, MA ndi Tanya McCloskey (wothandizira misala) ndi Marcia Kadish (woyang'anira ntchito pakampani ya engineering).
Maiko anayi anali ataletsa kale maukwati a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha chisanafike chaka cha 2004. Referenda idagwiritsidwa ntchito kusintha malamulo a mayiko 13 mu 2004 kuti aletse maukwati a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Pakati pa 2005 ndi Sep. 15, 2010, maiko ena 14 adatsata zomwezo, zomwe zidafikitsa 30 kuchuluka kwa mayiko omwe adaletsa kukwatirana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.
Nyumba ya Senate ya ku United States inalephera kuvomereza kusintha kwa malamulo oletsa ukwati wa amuna okhaokha kapena akazi okhaokha pa July 14. Inalandira mavoti 48 mwa mavoti 60. Nyumba ya Oyimilira ku US idakana kusintha kwa malamulo oletsa maukwati ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha pa Seputembara 30, 2004, ndi mavoti 227 ku 186. Awa anali mavoti 49 kuperewera kwa mavoti awiri mwa atatu ofunikira.
Bwanamkubwa Cuomo adasaina lamulo la Marriage Equality Act of New York kukhala lamulo pa June 24, 2011. Izi zimalola amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kukwatirana mwalamulo ku New York.
Ukwati wa Gay Wovomerezeka ndi Khothi Lalikulu la US
Pa April 28, 2015, Khoti Lalikulu Kwambiri ku United States linazenga mlandu wa Obergefell v. Hodges. Mkanganowo unali wokhudza ngati ukwati wa amuna okhaokha kapena akazi okhaokha ndi ufulu woperekedwa ndi malamulo a dziko la US komanso ngati ungavomerezedwe mwalamulo ngati ukwati m'mayiko omwe amaletsa mchitidwewu.
Khothi Lalikulu ku United States linagamula 5-4 pa June 26, 2015, kuti malamulo oyendetsera dziko la United States amapereka ufulu kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ufulu wokwatirana m’mayiko 50.
Kuchokera pamene khoti lalikulu la ku United States linagamula mlandu wa Obergefell v. Hodges pa June 26, 2015, dziko la Texas lavomereza maukwati a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Boma la US linali litaletsa kale maukwati a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ku Texas ndi malamulo ake komanso Constitution yake. Wothandizira Woweruza Anthony Kennedy ananena kuti Khotilo malinga ndi maganizo ake ambiri “linanena kuti amuna kapena akazi okhaokha angathe kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wawo wokwatirana m’mayiko onse.”
Woweruza wamkulu wa Alabama Roy Moore analamula oweruza a boma kuti asapereke zilolezo zaukwati kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha pa Jan. 6, 2016. Khoti lamilandu litathetsa chiletso cha Alabama choletsa ukwati wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, iye anapereka chigamulo chofananacho mu February 2015. sizikudziwika ngati oweruza a boma akutsatira malamulowa.
Panali kutsutsana ndi mayiko omwe ziletso zawo zinathetsedwa ndi Obergefell-v. Chigamulo cha Hodges ndi Supreme Court. Alembi ambiri m'maboma amasiya kapena kukana kupereka ziphaso zaukwati kwa anthu okwatirana, kapena kupereka zilolezo zaukwati kwa wina aliyense, ponena kuti boma likuphwanya zikhulupiriro zawo zachipembedzo.
Pa milandu yambiri, Kim Davis, Rowan County, Kentucky's County Clerk, anamangidwa mwachidule mu September 2015 chifukwa chonyozedwa. Anakana kupereka ziphaso zaukwati kwa anthu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndipo adalamula antchito ake kuti atero. Davis adatulutsidwa antchito ake atayamba kupereka ziphaso iye kulibe. Iwo anati apitiriza kutero akadzabwerera kuntchito.
UKWATI WA ABWINO PADZIKO LONSE
Pa April 1, 2001, mabanja anayi—mkazi mmodzi ndi mwamuna atatu—anakwatirana pamwambo wa pawailesi yakanema wotsogozedwa ndi meya wa Amsterdam, ku Netherlands. Uwu unali mwambo woyamba waukwati wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha padziko lonse. Kuphatikiza pa Netherlands, ukwati wa gay ndi wovomerezeka m'maiko opitilira makumi atatu.
Kukwatirana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kwaloledwa m’mayiko ambiri m’zaka zaposachedwapa. Nyumba yamalamulo ku United Kingdom ku London idavomereza posachedwapa maukwati a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ku Northern Ireland, lomwe linali dziko lomaliza la UK kuletsa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kukwatirana. Maukwati a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha adakhalanso ovomerezeka chaka chino ku Ecuador, Taiwan ndi Austria.
M’maiko ena amene posachedwapa aloleza maukwati a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, makhoti anasonkhezera kusintha kwalamulo. Mwachitsanzo, voti ya Meyi 17 ku Yuan Legislative ya ku Taiwan (dzina lovomerezeka la nyumba yamalamulo yosagwirizana ndi dziko) idalimbikitsidwa ndi chigamulo cha 2017 cha Khothi Loona za Malamulo m’dzikolo, chomwe chinathetsa lamulo lofotokoza ukwati ngati mgwirizano wa mwamuna ndi mkazi.
Momwemonso, kuvomereza kwa Austria kwaukwati wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha koyambirira kwa 2019 kudabwera pambuyo pa chigamulo cha 2017 ndi Khothi Loona za Malamulo mdzikolo. Ku United States, Khoti Lalikulu Kwambiri linavomereza kuti azikwatirana mwalamulo m’dziko lonselo pogamula chigamulo cha 2015.
Padziko lonse lapansi, mayiko ambiri amene amalola kuti amuna okhaokha azikwatirana ali ku Western Europe. Komabe, mayiko ambiri a Kumadzulo kwa Ulaya, kuphatikizapo Italy ndi Switzerland, samalola maukwati a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Ndipo, kufikira pano, palibe maiko a Pakati ndi Kum’maŵa kwa Yuropu amene avomereza maukwati a amuna okhaokha kapena akazi okhaokha.
Pamodzi ndi New Zealand ndi Australia, Taiwan ndi amodzi mwa mayiko atatu omwe ali m'chigawo cha Asia-Pacific omwe amavomereza maukwati a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Ku Africa, South Africa yokha imalola amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kukwatirana, zomwe zidakhala zovomerezeka mu 2006.
Ku America, mayiko asanu kupatula Ecuador ndi US - Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Colombia ndi Uruguay - avomereza ukwati wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Kuphatikiza apo, madera ena ku Mexico amalola amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kukwatirana.
Japan savomereza maukwati a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kapena maukwati apachiweniweni. Ndilo dziko lokhalo mu G7 lomwe silivomereza mwalamulo maukwati a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha mwanjira iliyonse. Matauni angapo ndi madera amapereka ziphaso zophiphiritsira zaubwenzi wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, zomwe zimapereka zopindulitsa koma sizipereka kuzindikirika kulikonse.
Chipembedzo, mipingo, ndi maukwati a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha
Tchalitchi cha Katolika
Mu Okutobala 2015, mabishopu omwe adapezeka pa msonkhano wachisanu ndi chinayi wa Synod of Bishops ku Rome adagwirizana pa chikalata chomaliza chomwe chidanenanso kuti ngakhale ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sayenera kusalidwa mopanda chilungamo, Tchalitchi chidawonekeratu kuti maukwati a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha “sikufanana ngakhale pang’ono. ” ku ukwati wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.
Iwo ananenanso kuti mipingo ya m’deralo sayenera kukumana ndi chikakamizo chovomereza kapena kuchirikiza malamulo oyambitsa ukwati wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, komanso mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi asamakhazikitse malamulo okhudza thandizo la ndalama m’mayiko osauka pofuna kukakamiza kukhazikitsa malamulo okhazikitsa maukwati a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.
Mgonero wa Anglican
Pofika chaka cha 2016, "zigawo zomasuka zomwe zili zokonzeka kusintha chiphunzitso cha Tchalitchi chokhudza ukwati kuti zilole maukwati a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha akuphatikizapo Brazil, Canada, New Zealand, Scotland, South India, South Africa, US ndi Wales".
Ku England ndi ku Wales, mayanjano a anthu amaloledwa kwa atsogoleri achipembedzo. “Tchalitchi cha ku Wales ngakhalenso Tchalitchi cha England chimatsutsa zoti atsogoleri azipembedzo azigwirizana. Tchalitchi cha ku England chimapempha atsogoleri achipembedzo m’mayanjano a anthu kulumbira kukhalabe odzisunga, koma Tchalitchi cha ku Wales chilibe chiletso choterocho.”
Tchalitchi cha ku England chalola kuti ansembe azigwirizana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kuyambira m’chaka cha 2005. Tchalitchi cha ku Ireland chimavomereza ndalama za penshoni za atsogoleri achipembedzo amene amakwatirana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.
Kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso Methodism
Tchalitchi cha African Methodist Episcopal Church sichimachirikiza kapena kuletsa kuikidwa kwa atsogoleri achipembedzo a LGBTQ poyera. Panopa palibe choletsa kudzozedwa, ndipo AME samaletsa anthu a LGBTQ kukhala abusa kapena kutsogolera chipembedzo.
Voti ya mbiri yakale ya tchalitchi cha African Methodist Episcopal Church, yomwe inali voti yoyamba pa nkhani ya ufulu wa maukwati kwa anthu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, inachititsa kuti tchalitchichi chikukanire limodzi kuti atumikire kudalitsa maukwati oterewa mu July 2004. Malinga ndi tchalitchichi. atsogoleri, zochita za kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha “zimasemphana mwachionekere ndi kamvedwe kawo ka Malemba.”
AME yaletsa atumiki kuti azigwira ntchito pa maukwati a gay. Komabe, a AME "sanasankhe" kuti anene chilichonse chokhudza kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Atsogoleri ena achipembedzo ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha aikidwa poyera ndi AME.
Ngakhale bungwe la AME lidavotera motsutsana ndi maukwati a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, General Conference idavomera kuti ikhazikitse komiti yoti iwunike ndikupereka malingaliro osintha ziphunzitso za tchalitchi ndi chisamaliro chaubusa kwa mamembala a LGBTQ.
Mpingo wa Evangelical Methodist umakhulupirira kuti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kumatsutsidwa ndi Baibulo monga momwe zasonyezedwera pa Levitiko 18-22, Aroma 1:26-27 ndi 1 Akorinto 6-9-19 . Limanena kuti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kungayambitse chilango chosatha ndi imfa yauzimu. Komabe, kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha si tchimo lalikulu kuposa kupha, chigololo, ndi kuba.
Chifukwa chake, ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha saloledwa kulowa nawo Tchalitchi cha Evangelical Methodist. Kuphatikiza apo, ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha saloledwa kukhala ofuna kulowa uminisitala woikidwa. Ngakhale kuti Tchalitchi chimakhulupirira kuti aliyense ali ndi ufulu ndi chitetezo pansi pa malamulo a boma, amatsutsa mwamphamvu malamulo amtundu uliwonse omwe amalimbikitsa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha monga moyo wamba.
Anthu onse ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amene amakhulupirira Yesu Khristu ndi kusiya kuchita zachiwerewere ndi olandiridwa ku tchalitchi cha Evangelical Methodist.
Kodi Baibulo limati chiyani pa nkhani ya kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha?
Baibulo silinena kalikonse ponena za ‘kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha’ monga mkhalidwe wachibadwa wa umunthu. Kugonana sikunkamveka m'nthawi za m'Baibulo. Koma anthu ena amapezabe mfundo zimene m’maganizo mwawo zimatsimikizira zimene Baibulo limanena pa nkhani ya ukwati wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.
Baibulo limafotokoza kuti ukwati pa Genesis 2:24 ndi mgwirizano wa mwamuna mmodzi ndi mkazi mmodzi. Yesu Khristu akuchirikiza tanthauzo limeneli la ukwati pa Mateyu 19:5, monganso mtumwi Paulo pa Aefeso 5:31 . Kugonana kulikonse komwe kumachitika malo Kunja kwa nkhaniyi akuonedwa ngati ochimwa, chimene Yesu anachitcha ‘chigololo’ pa Marko 7:21 .
Kuphatikiza apo, mchitidwe wogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha umasonyezedwa kuti ndi uchimo nthawi zambiri m'Malemba. Mwachitsanzo, m’Chilamulo cha Mulungu, kuletsa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kumaperekedwa pa Levitiko 18:22 ndi 20:13 .
Maumboni ena apangidwa mu Chipangano Chatsopano. Mwachitsanzo, pa Aroma 1:24-32 , pakati pa nkhani za kulengedwa kwa Genesis, kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kumaonedwa kuti ndi uchimo. Maumboni owonjezereka onena za uchimo wa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha akupezeka pa 1 Akorinto 6:9 ndi 1 Timoteo 1:10 .
Chifukwa chake, Malemba amagwirizana pakuletsa kwawo kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, munthawi zosiyanasiyana za mbiri ya chipulumutso komanso m'zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana. Ngakhale kuti Malemba amanena momveka bwino pankhani ya kugonana, amatiuzanso kuti chiyembekezo cha chikhululukiro ndi moyo wosatha chilipo kwa aliyense amene atembenuka kusiya uchimo ndi kukhulupirira Kristu ( Marko 1:15 ), mosasamala kanthu kuti wagwa bwanji. kuperewera kwa mapangidwe ake abwino a kugonana ndi ukwati.
Mabungwe a Civil Union
Mgwirizano wapachiweniweni, mgwirizano wapachiweniweni, mgwirizano wapabanja, mgwirizano wolembetsedwa, mgwirizano wosalembetsedwa, ndi ziphaso zokhala ndi anthu osalembetsa zimapatsa maubwino osiyanasiyana abanja.
Chigamulo cha Obergefell chisanachitike, mayiko angapo adakulitsa maufulu ovomerezeka kwa anthu okwatirana omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kudzera m'maukwati apachiweniweni komanso zibwenzi zapakhomo m'malo molola kuti amuna kapena akazi okhaokha azikwatirana. Popeza Obergefell amafuna kuti ukwati wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ukhale wololedwa m'mayiko onse, sizikudziwika ngati njira zina izi zidzapitiriza kukhala zofunikira kapena zofunikira.
Komabe, amakhalabe ovomerezeka mwalamulo ndipo maanja ena akupitirizabe kusunga ubale walamulo kudzera m'mafomuwa. Mabungwe apachiweniweni amapereka chivomerezo chalamulo ku ubale wa maanjawo komanso amapereka ufulu mwalamulo kwa okondedwawo mofanana ndi omwe amaperekedwa kwa okwatirana.
UKWATI WA AJINA IMODZI PA CHIKHALIDWE CHAKUCHULUKA
Ndizosatheka kudziwa kuti ndi zingati zosangalatsa nthawi zonse imayendetsa anthu m'malo momangoganizira chabe. Koma n'zovuta kupewa kuganiza kuti zaka zisanu kapena zisanu ndi chimodzi zapitazi zakhala zikuyenda bwino pachikhalidwe.
2009 inali chaka chomwe omvera anakumana ndi Cam ndi Mitch (Eric Stonestreet ndi Jesse tyler ferguson), mwamuna ndi mkazi wake amene amakhala limodzi ndi mwana wawo wamkazi. Sanakwatirane pomwe mndandandawo udayamba - Proposition 8 kwawo ku California idawaletsa, ndipo adamanga mfundo itatha kugubuduzika - koma amakumana ndi zovuta zokhala paubwenzi wanthawi yayitali pazenera sabata iliyonse Anthu 10 miliyoni ankaonera kunyumba.
Kanemayo adakhala imodzi mwazinthu zingapo zokopa zapa TV zazaka za Obama, zomwe zimawonedwa m'maiko ofiira ndi madera abuluu, omwe adasankhidwa ndi Ann Romney ndi Purezidenti. Kafukufuku wina wa ku Hollywood Reporter wa 2012 anapeza kuti 27 peresenti ya anthu omwe anavota ananena kuti zithunzi za anthu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha pa TV zimawapangitsa kuti azikwatirana, ndipo pali nkhani za anthu omwe amachitira chifundo anthu omwe amagonana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ku Modern Family.
Kanema wa kanema wawayilesi wakhala akuwonetsa anthu osawerengeka kwazaka zambiri (Will & Grace, Glee, All in the Family and Golden Girls). Kwakhala kupita patsogolo pang'onopang'ono, komabe. Ambiri mwa mapologalamuwa ankalimbikitsa anthu kuti azingoganizira za anthu azungu, osati anthu ena onse.
Cam ndi Mitch akhala akhungu monga momwe aliyense angafunse—mosiyana ndi okwatirana owongoka amene amacheza nawo, samakhudzana kaŵirikaŵiri, samalankhula za kugonana, ndipo amakangana kwambiri pa kupsopsonana pagulu.
Koma chowonadi ndichakuti chiwonetsero chilichonse chodziwika bwino cha moyo wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha chinathandizira kulimbikitsa maukonde kuti atengere mwayi kwa ena, ndipo masiku ano pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana yowonetsera kugonana pawailesi yakanema, monga zikuwonetsedwa m'mapulogalamu monga Empire ndi Orange Is the New Black.
Zoonadi zokhudza ukwati wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha
Gawo la anthu aku America omwe amakonda maukwati a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha lakula pang'onopang'ono kwa zaka khumi zapitazi, koma thandizo la anthu lachepa m'zaka zingapo zapitazi. Pafupifupi akuluakulu anayi mwa khumi aku US (37%) adakonda kulola kuti amuna kapena akazi okhaokha azikwatirana mu 2009, gawo lomwe linakwera kufika 62% mu 2017. Koma malingaliro sanasinthe pazaka zingapo zapitazi. Pafupifupi anthu asanu ndi mmodzi mwa khumi aku America (61%) amathandizira maukwati a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha mu kafukufuku waposachedwa wa Pew Research Center pankhaniyi, womwe unachitika mu Marichi 2019.
Ngakhale kuthandizira ku US kwa maukwati a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kwawonjezeka pafupifupi pakati pa magulu onse a anthu, pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa anthu ndi magulu. Mwachitsanzo, masiku ano anthu 79 pa 66 alionse a ku America amene sali ogwirizana ndi zipembedzo amakonda kukwatirana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, monganso 61 peresenti ya Apulotesitanti achizungu komanso 29 peresenti ya Akatolika. Komabe, pakati pa Apulotesitanti achizungu, 15% okha ndi omwe amakonda maukwati a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Komabe, izi ndizowirikiza kawiri (2009%) mu XNUMX.
Ngakhale kuthandizira kwa maukwati a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kwakula pang'onopang'ono m'magulu azaka 15 zapitazi, pali mipata yokulirapo. Mwachitsanzo, 45% ya akuluakulu a Silent Generation (obadwa pakati pa 1928 ndi 1945) amakonda kulola amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kukwatirana, poyerekeza ndi 74% ya Millennials (obadwa pakati pa 1981 ndi 1996). Palinso kugawanikana kwakukulu kwa ndale: Achi Republican ndi Republican odziyimira pawokha sakonda kukwatirana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kuposa a Democrats ndi Democratic leaners (44% vs. 75%).
Maukwati a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha akuchulukirachulukira. Kafukufuku wopangidwa ndi Gallup mu 2017 apeza kuti pafupifupi m'modzi mwa khumi a LGBT aku America (10.2%) amakwatirana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kuyambira miyezi isanakwane chigamulo cha khoti lalikulu (7.9%). Zotsatira zake, ambiri (61%) a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha adakwatirana kuyambira chaka cha 2017, kuchokera pa 38% chigamulo chisanachitike.
Monga momwe zimakhalira ndi anthu ambiri, Achimereka omwe amadziwika kuti ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (LGBT) amatha kunena kuti chikondi ndi chifukwa chofunikira kwambiri chokwatira. Mu kafukufuku wa Pew Research Center wa 2013, 84% ya akuluakulu a LGBT ndi 88% ya anthu onse adanena kuti chikondi ndi chifukwa chofunikira kwambiri chokwatira, ndipo osachepera asanu ndi awiri mwa khumi m'magulu onsewa adatchula maubwenzi (71% ndi 76% , motsatira). Koma panalinso zosiyana. Anthu a LGBT aku America, mwachitsanzo, anali ndi mwayi wowirikiza kawiri kuposa omwe ali pagulu kuti atchule ufulu walamulo ndi zopindulitsa ngati chifukwa chofunikira kwambiri chokwatira (46% motsutsana ndi 23%), pomwe omwe ali pagulu anali pafupifupi kuwirikiza kawiri. LGBT America kuti atchule kukhala ndi ana (49% motsutsana ndi 28%).
US ili m'gulu la mayiko 29 ndi maulamuliro omwe amalola maanja ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kukwatirana. Mtundu woyamba kulembetsa ukwati wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha unali Netherlands, yomwe idatero mu 2000. Kuyambira pamenepo, mayiko ena angapo a ku Ulaya - kuphatikizapo England ndi Wales, France, Ireland, onse a Scandinavia, Spain ndipo, posachedwapa, Austria, Germany ndi Malta - avomereza ukwati wa amuna okhaokha kapena akazi okhaokha. Kunja kwa Ulaya, ukwati wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha tsopano uli wovomerezeka ku Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Ecuador, New Zealand, South Africa ndi Uruguay, komanso m’madera ena a Mexico. Ndipo mu Meyi 2019, Taiwan idakhala dziko loyamba ku Asia kuloleza amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kukwatirana mwalamulo.
Dikirani, pali zambiri. Nazi mfundo 11 zokhuza ukwati wa LGBTQ kuchokera ku US ndi padziko lonse lapansi.
1. Dziko la Netherlands linakhala dziko loyamba kulembetsa ukwati wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha mu 2001.
2. Pofika m’chaka cha 2014, mayiko ena 13 avomereza maukwati a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. South Africa, Belgium, Denmark, Sweden, Canada, ndi Spain ndi ochepa mwa mayikowa. Massachusetts linali dziko loyamba ku US kuvomereza ukwati wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha mu 2004.
3. Pofika mu 2014, mayiko 20 atsatira: Iowa, Vermont, Maine, New York, Connecticut, Washington, Maryland, New Hampshire, Oregon, California, New Mexico, Minnesota, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Hawaii, Rhode Island, Delaware, Pennsylvania. ndi Washington DC
4. Mu 2012, Purezidenti Obama adapanga mbiri ya US pomwe adauza ABC News kuti, "Ndikuganiza kuti amuna kapena akazi okhaokha akuyenera kukwatirana. Funsani anzanu ndi ena olimbikitsa anthu kuti awonetsetse kuti akuchirikiza ufulu wa LGBTQ. Lowani ku Love It Forward.
5. Alaska ndi Hawaii anali mayiko oyamba kuletsa mwalamulo maukwati a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha mu 1998.
6. 16 imaletsa maukwati a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ena mosintha malamulo, ena mwalamulo, ndipo ambiri ndi onse awiri.
7. Mayiko 7 amapereka, ngati si onse, ufulu wa okwatirana kwa anthu osakwatirana omwe ali ndi maubwenzi apakhomo, kuphatikizapo California, Nevada, Oregon, Washington, Hawaii, Maine, ndi Wisconsin.
8. Pofika mu 2014, 55% ya anthu aku America amakhulupirira kuti ukwati wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha uyenera kukhala wovomerezeka.
9. M’chaka cha 2013, Khoti Lalikulu Kwambiri linaphwanya mbali zina za lamulo la Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) (lomwe limafotokoza kuti ukwati ndi mgwirizano wa mwamuna ndi mkazi) ndipo linalengeza kuti boma livomereza kuti maukwati a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi ovomerezeka.
10. M’maiko ambiri monga Sudan, Iran, ndi Saudi Arabia, anthu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amatha kulangidwa ndi chilango cha imfa.
11. Ngakhale kuti maukwati a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sanali ovomerezeka mpaka zaka za m'ma 2000, amuna kapena akazi okhaokha anali kukwatirana pamasewero a pa TV m'ma 1990. Sitcom "Roseanne" inali ndi ukwati wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha mu 1995 pamene "Abwenzi" anali ndi ukwati wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha mu 1996.
MAFUNSO OFUNSIDWA KAWIRIKAWIRI
Zolozera & Kuwerenga Mowonjezereka
- Mbiri ya Ukwati wa Gay pa ProCon.org
- Mabuku okhudza Ukwati wa Gay & Lesbian ku Barnes & Nobel
- Chikhalidwe cha Pop chimayambitsa mkangano waukwati wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ku LA Times
- Ukwati Wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha Padziko Lonse ku Pew Research Center
- Malingaliro achipembedzo pa ukwati wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha pa Wikipedia.org
Siyani Mumakonda