TSAMBA YERUDO: MARGARET MEAD NARUTH BENEDICT
Margaret Mead anoshingirira semukurumbira wepasi rose uye ane pesvedzero yetsika anthropologist, uyo asina kungoparidzira anthropology pachayo asi akaisawo hwaro hweshanduko yezvepabonde yema1960 nezvidzidzo zvake zvemaitiro pabonde. Pamusoro pekuwedzera magungano etsika kuburikidza nebasa rake, akaratidzirawo shanduko muhupenyu hwake. Akaroorwa katatu nevarume, aida chaizvo murume wake wechitatu, nyanzvi yezvemagariro evanhu yeBritain Gregory Bateson, waakaita naye mwanasikana. Asi hukama hwakasimba uye husingagumi hwehupenyu hwake hwaive nemukadzi - the anthropologist uye folklorist. Ruth Benedict, chipangamazano waMead paYunivhesiti yeColumbia, ane makore gumi nemana mukuru kwaari. Vaviri ava vakagovana chisungo chehukuru husina kujairika uye chido, icho chakatambanudzira chikamu chechina zana kusvika pakupera kwehupenyu hwaBenedict.
Muna Nyamavhuvhu 1925, Mead aiva nemakore 24 akaenda nechikepe kuSamoa, achitanga rwendo rwaizobudisa chinyorwa chake chine simba guru. Kuuya Kwezera muSamoa: Chidzidzo Chepfungwa chePrimitive Youth yeWestern Civilization. (Mead, uyo aidavira kuti “munhu anogona kuda vanhu vakati wandei uye kuti rudo rwokuratidzira rune rwarwo nzvimbo mumarudzi akasiana-siana oukama,” akanga akaroorwa panguva iyeyo nomurume wake wokutanga uye vakanga vane gadziriro isiri yenguva dzose iyo vose vari vaviri vaimubvumira kuita basa romumunda kure naye kwenhambo yakawedzerwa yenguva ndokugamuchira mirangariro yake nokuda kwaRute.) Pazuva rake rechina. pagungwa, anonyora Benedict ane zvikamu zvakaenzana zvekuzvipira nekukurumidzira:
“Ruth, mudiwa moyo. . . Tsamba yandakawana ndisati ndabva kuHonolulu uye mutsamba yangu yechitima yaisagona kuve yakasarudzwa zviri nani. Mavara mashanu kubva kwauri - uye, o, ndinovimba unogona kugara uchindinzwa ndiri padyo newe sezvawakaita - uchizorora zvinyoronyoro uye zvinotapira mumaoko ako. Pese pandinenge ndaneta uye ndichirwara nekukushuvirai ndinogona kugara ndichidzoka uye kunotora masikati iwayo kunze kuBedford Hills chirimo ichi, apo kutsvoda kwako kwakanaya pachiso changu, uye ndangariro iyi inopera murunyararo, mudikani.
Mazuva mashoma gare gare:
"Ruth, ndakanga ndisati ndambozvarwa panyika muhupenyu hwangu - uye zvakadaro ndisingachazivi simba rerudo rwako rinondipa. Makandipwisa nezvechinhu chimwe chete muupenyu chinoita kuti kurarama kuve kunokosha.
Hauna chipo chikuru mudikani. Uye ndangariro dzese dzechiso chenyu, ruzha rwese rweizwi rako mufaro wandichadya nenzara mumwedzi iri kuuya. "
Mune imwe tsamba:
“[Ndinoshamisika] kana ndaigona kupfuurira kurarama, kuda kupfuurira kurarama kudai wakanga usina basa nazvo.”
Uye gare gare:
"Honolulu inoda huvepo hwako here? Ah, mudiwa wangu - pasina iyo, handaikwanisa kugara pano zvachose. Miromo yako inounza maropafadzo, mudiwa wangu.”
Muna Zvita wegore iro, Mead akapihwa chinzvimbo semubatsiri muchengeti paAmerican Museum of Natural History, kwaaizoenda kunopedza basa rake rose. Akabvuma nemufaro, muchikamu chikuru kuitira kuti pakupedzisira ave pedyo naBenedict, uye akatamira kuNew York nemurume wake, Luther Cressman, achitenda zvakasimba kuti hukama huviri hwaisazokuvadza kana kupokana. Pakangoitwa sarudzo, akanyorera Benedict musi waNdira 7, 1926:
“Kuvimba kwako nesarudzo yangu kwave kuri tsigiro yangu mudiwa, dai zvisina kudaro handaikwanisa. Uye rudo urwu rwose rwawandidururira chingwa newaini kune zvandinoda. Nguva dzose, ndinogara ndichidzoka kwauri. Ndinotsvoda bvudzi rako, mudiwa. "
Mazuva mana gare gare, Mead anotumira Benedict tsamba inorwadza, achifunga nezvehukama hwake huviri uye kuti rudo runopenya sei pakuzvidira:
"Neimwe nzira kurarama ndiri ndoga uku kuri kuratidza - nenzira yandinogona kumonyanisa nekuchinja maitiro angu kune vanhu vasina kana kukurudzira kunze kwekunge kunobva mukati mangu. Ndichamutsa mamwe mangwanani ndichikuda zvinotyisa zvakanyanya neimwe nzira nyowani uye ini ndinogona kunge ndisina kunyatso kupukuta hope kubva mumaziso angu kuti nditombotarisa mufananidzo wako. Zvinondipa kunzwa kusinganzwisisike, kusinganzwisisike kwekuzvitonga. Uye ichokwadi kuti takava nerunako urwu “padyo” pamwe chete nekuti handifi ndakakunzwa uri kure zvakanyanya zvekuti haugone kuzevezera kwauri, uye bvudzi rako rinodiwa rinogara richingotsvedza nepakati pezvigunwe zvangu. . . .Pandinoita basa rakanaka rinogara riri kwauri… uye kufunga kwako zvino kunondifadza zvisingaite.”
Mavhiki mashanu gare gare, pakati paFebruary, Mead naBenedict vanotanga kuronga kuzorora pamwe chete kwevhiki nhatu, uko kunobvumikisa, nemhaka yerudungwe rwevarume vavo, kuva yakaoma zvikuru kupfuura kufunga kwavaviri pakuvamba. Atsamwa pamusoro pekuronga kwese, Margaret anonyora Ruth:
"Ini ndichapofumadzwa nekukutarisa, ndinofunga ikozvino hazvinei nazvo - asi chinhu chakanaka parudo rwedu ndechekuti zvichadaro. Hatina kufanana nevaya vanoda vaEdward “ikozvino vavete dama kune rimwe dama” nezvimwewo vakakanganwa zvinhu zvose zvavakanga vadzidziswa nerudo rwavo kuda—Precious, precious. Ndinotsvoda bvudzi rako."
Pakazosvika pakati paKurume, Mead zvakare akadzika midzi murudo rwake rweBenedict:
"Ndinonzwa ndasunungurwa zvakanyanya uye ndakatsigirwa, mwedzi yerima yekusahadzika yakagezwa, uye kuti ndinogona kukutarisa nemufaro mumaziso apo unonditora mumaoko ako. Mudiwa wangu! Wangu akanaka. Ndinotenda Mwari kuti hamuedze kundivharisa, asi vimbai neni kuti nditore hupenyu sezvahunouya ndoita chimwe chinhu. Nekuvimba kwako ikoko ndinogona kuita chero chinhu - uye kubuda nechimwe chinhu chakakosha chakachengetedzwa. Zvinotapira, ndinotsvoda maoko ako."
Sezvo zhizha rinouya, Mead anozviwana ari murudo naBenedict sepavakatanga kusangana makore matanhatu apfuura, vachinyora mutsamba yaAugust 26, 1926:
"Ruth mudikani, ndinofara zvikuru uye nhamba huru yemadandemutande inoita kunge yapeperetswa nemhepo muParis. Ndakasuwa kwazvo zuva rekupedzisira, ndakaswedera pedyo nekukahadzika kupfuura nakare kose hunhu husingapindiki hwerudo rwedu kune mumwe nemumwe. Uye zvino ndinonzwa murugare nenyika yose. Unogona kufunga kuti kuri kuyedza vamwari kuti vadaro, asi ini ndinotora zvese izvi sechivimbiso chepamusoro chezvandagara ndichipokana nehasha - kusingaperi kwechishuwo - uye kungotendeuka kwemusoro wako, mukana wekuita kwezwi rako wakangodaro. simba rakawanda rekuita kuti zuva ripere zvino sezvavakaita makore mana apfuura. Uye sezvaunondipa shungu dzokukura pane kutya, saizvozvowo unondipa kutenda kwandisina kumbofunga kuti ndikunde mukugara kwechishuwo. Ndinokuda, Ruth.”
MunaSeptember wa1928, Mead paanofamba nechitima kuti aroore murume wake wechipiri mushure mekunge muchato wake wekutanga waparara, imwe tsamba inovava kuna Rute inotisiya tichifungidzira nezvezvingave zvakasiyana kudai umbozha hwepamutemo hwerudo rwemazuva ano hwave huchiitika muzuva raMead, zvichiita. zvinogoneka kuti iye naRute varoore uye vagadzirise kubatana kwavo kwakasimba pasi pemutemo:
"Mudiwa,
[...]
Ndanyanya kurara nhasi ndichiedza kubvisa chando ichi kwete kutarisa nyika yandakatanga kuona kubva mumaoko enyu.
Kunyanya, ndinofunga kuti ndiri benzi kuroora chero munhu. Zvimwe ndichaita kuti murume neni ndisafare. Parizvino zviroto zvangu zvemazuva ano zvakawanda zvine chekuita nekusaroora zvachose. Hameno kuti kuda kuroora hakusi kumwe kuzvizivisa newe here, uye kwenhema. Nekuti ini ndingadai ndisina kukubvisa pana Stanley uye iwe unogona kundibvisa kubva kuna [Reo] - hapana kubwaira izvo.
[...]
Kunze kwesimba uye nekusingaperi uye kunzwa kwese kusingagumi kwandinako kwauri, zvimwe zvese ijecha rinochinja. Munonetseka here pandinotaura zvinhu izvi? Iwe haufaniri kukanganwa - zvachose - chero chinhu chipi nechipi chiri chipo chakakwana chandakapiwa naMwari. Pakati pehupenyu hwangu inzvimbo yakanaka yakakomberedzwa, kana micheto yakaita sora uye yakapwanyika - zvakanaka, ndiyo nzvimbo inokosha - Mudiwa wangu, tsvarakadenga yangu, mudiwa wangu.
Margaret wako"
Pakazosvika 1933, pasinei nekurongwa kwekusununguka kwewanano yake, Mead akanzwa kuti yakamanikidzira kubva kwaari rudo rwaaiva narwo kuna Benedict. Mutsamba yaakanyorera Rute kubva munaKubvumbi 9, anofunga nezvesimba uye kufemeruka pakusununguka kwekusarudza kusiya zvipingaidzo uye kuva akasununguka zvakare kuda zvizere:
“Sezvo ndakasiya zvakawanda zvangu pachangu, mumhinduro kune zvandaitenda zvisiri izvo kuti ndicho chikonzero chemuchato wangu ndakanga ndisina nzvimbo yekukura mupfungwa. … Ah, mudiwa wangu, zvakanaka chaizvo kuti ndive ndega kuti ndikude zvakare. . . . Mwedzi wakazara uye dziva rakanyarara uye rakanaka - nzvimbo ino yakafanana neDenga - uye ndiri murudo nehupenyu. Husiku hwakanaka, mudiwa."
Mumakore akatevera, vose Margaret naRuth vakaongorora miganhu yehumwe hukama hwavo, kuburikidza nekuchata kwakawanda uye kudyidzana kwepamba, asi rudo rwavo kune mumwe nemumwe rwakaramba ruchikura. Muna 1938, Mead akaitora zvakaisvonaka nokunyora nezve“kugarisa kwoushamwari [dzavo].” Mead nemurume wake wekupedzisira, Gregory Bateson, vakatumidza Benedict muchengeti wemwanasikana wavo. Vakadzi vaviri vakagoverana chisungo chavo chimwe chete kusvikira Benedict afa kamwe kamwe kubva kuhosha yemwoyo muna 1948. Mune imwe yetsamba dzake dzokupedzisira, Mead akanyora:
"Ndinogara ndichikuda uye ndinoona kuti hupenyu hwemugwenga hungadai hwakaita sei pasina iwe."
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