ZOFUNIKA KUDZIWA. ZINTHU ZAKALE ZA LGBTQ: JAMES BALDWIN
James Arthur Baldwin anali wolemba mabuku waku America, wolemba masewero, wolemba ndakatulo, wolemba ndakatulo, komanso wotsutsa. Zolemba zake, zomwe zidasonkhanitsidwa mu Notes of a Native Son (1955), zimafufuza zovuta za kusankhana mitundu, kugonana, komanso magulu m'mayiko akumadzulo kwa United States mkati mwa zaka za zana la makumi awiri. Baldwin adabadwira ku 1924 ku Harlem, komwe adaleredwa ndi amayi ake komanso abambo ake opeza olalikira, ndipo pambuyo pake adakhala mtumiki wamkulu / mlaliki wa ana mu mpingo wa Pentekosti. Anachoka ku US ali ndi zaka 24 kuti akapeze moyo ku Paris, kupeza kulemera kwa tsankho la ku America kunali kosatheka. Ntchito yake yolemba inayamba ku Paris, ndipo buku lake lachiwiri, Giovanni's Room, linali loyamba kufotokoza momveka bwino za kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Wofalitsa wake panthawiyo ku Knopf adamuuza kuti:
"... Ndinali" wolemba Negro "ndipo ndinafikira" anthu ena. “Chotero,” iwo anandiuza ine, “simungakhoze kuleka kusiyanitsa omverawo. Bukhu latsopanoli liwononga ntchito yanu chifukwa simukulemba zinthu zomwezo komanso momwe munkachitira kale ndipo sitidzafalitsa bukuli ngati labwino kwa inu… “
(Izi zinali mu 1956!) Pambuyo pake, Baldwin anachoka ku Paris, akudzimva kuti ali ndi udindo wochita nawo zambiri m'gulu lomenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe la US (ngakhale ziyenera kudziwidwa kuti sanasaine mawu oti 'gulu lomenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe,' m'malo mwake analitcha kuti. mu 1979 "kupanduka kwaposachedwa kwa akapolo."). Iye analemba utolankhani ndi nkhani, kuphatikizapo mabuku-atali ngati wosayerekezeka Moto Nthawi Yotsatira, yomwe imawerengedwa mwachangu masiku ano. Adawonekeranso pagulu pamalankhulidwe, zoyankhulana ndi zokambirana, kuwonetsa kukhalapo kwakulankhula kowoneka bwino komanso kalembedwe kamene kamayika zochitika zake zonse kuchokera paguwa kupita ku cholinga china. Mtsutso wachidule uwu pa chiwonetsero cha Dick Cavett chokhudza, makamaka, "chifukwa chiyani nthawi zonse umayenera kukhala wothamanga" ndi chitsanzo chabwino.
Baldwin adachita zonsezi ali kunja komanso osawongoka (ngakhale adakana kudziwika ndi dzina linalake mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo wake, ponena m'mafunso ake omaliza, "Mawu akuti gay nthawi zonse amandisokoneza molakwika. Sindikufuna kumveketsa bwino lomwe tanthauzo lake. Sindinakhalepo m'nyumbamo.") Kumasuka kwake pankhani ya kugonana nthawi zambiri kunkakhumudwitsa anzake ndi adani ake, koma kusankha kukhala ndi zotsutsana ndizo zonse zomwe zinapangitsa Baldwin kukhala wodabwitsa kwambiri. Iye akhoza kukhala scathing mu critiques chikhalidwe ndi kuzipenya, koma wowolowa manja mokwanira kuwapatsa; anali wopenya komanso wosakhudzidwa ndi zoopsa zosaneneka zomwe adaziwona zikuchitidwa koma anakana kukhala wosuliza pamaso pake; makamaka anadzudzula mpingo umene anakuliramo koma m’njira zambiri anaonetsa mfundo zake zosiririka kwambiri pa moyo wake ndi ntchito yake. Timam’konda kwambiri ndiponso ntchito yake, ndipo tikuganiza kuti pali zambiri zoti tiphunzire kwa iye!
Siyani Mumakonda